Physiological Effects and Prescription of Exercise in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACTIntroduction: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease with atherosclerotic process in blood vessels which results in impairment of blood flow to the lower limbs. The prevalence escalates with advancing age and resulting in typical symptoms of intermittent claudication, ischemic pain at rest, non-healingwound, and atypical symptoms associated with PAD. These symptoms can lead to impaired walking, activity restrictions, and low quality of life. Regular exercise has been known as an effective intervention to reduce symptoms and improve exercise performance.Methods: Literature published from 2011-2021 was searched using the PubMed and Google Scholar as the search engine. The keywords used were exercise, physiological effect, recommendation, peripheral artery disease, and intermittent claudication.Results: Forty-four literature matched with the topic and 1 1 were used to explain sub-topics.Conclusion: The physiological effects of regular exercise include increased of oxygen extraction from blood vessels and muscle enzyme activity, as well as decreased of inflammatory mediators associated with endothelial damage. The recommended form of exercise for PAD is walking both under supervisionand without supervision at home and community. Prescription of aerobic exercise vary based on intensity targeted. Another forms of exercise recommended for PAD patients are resistance and flexibility exercises.Keywords: exercise, peripheral artery disease, physiological ef fects, supervised-exercise.
Article Details
How to Cite
Arnengsih Nazir. (1). Physiological Effects and Prescription of Exercise in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 10(01), 11 - 21. https://doi.org/10.36803/ijpmr.v10i1.279
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Original Article
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References
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4. Abola MTB, Golledge J, Miyata T, Rha S-W, Yan BP, Dy TC, et al. Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report from the Asian Pacific Society
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7. American Heart Association. About Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). 2016
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9. Hardman RL, Jazaeri O, Yi J, Smith M, Gupta R, editors. Overview of classification systems in peripheral artery disease. Seminars in interventional radiology; 2014: Thieme Med. Publishers.
10. Hiatt WR, Armstrong EJ, Larson CJ, Brass EP. Pathogenesis of the limb manifestations
and exercise limitations in peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015; 116(9): 1527-39.
11. Hamburg NM, Balady GJ. Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral artery disease: functional impact and mechanisms of benefits. Circulation 2011; 123(1): 87-97.
12. Gardner AW, Parker DE, Montgomery PS, Scott KJ, Blevins SM. Efficacy of quantified home-based exercise and supervised exercise in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2011; 123(5): 491-8.
13. Ambrosetti M. Advances in exercise rehabilitation for patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2016; 86(1-2): 752.
14. Treat-Jacobson D, McDermott MM, Bronas UG, Campia U, Collins TC, Criqui MH, et al. Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American
Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139(4): e10-e33.
15. Parmenter BJ, Mavros Y, Dias RR, King S, Singh MF. Resistance training as a treatment for older persons with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54(8): 452-61.
16. Hiatt WR, Rogers RK, Brass EP. The treadmill is a better functional test than the 6-minute walk test in therapeutic trials of patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2014; 130(1): 69-78.
17. Iso Y, Suzuki H. Exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in peripheral artery disease. E -Journal Cardiol Pract 2015; 13.
18. Harwood AE, Pymer S, Ingle L, Doherty P, Chetter IC, Parmenter B, et al. Exercise
training for intermittent claudication: a narrative review and summary of guidelines for practitioners. BMJ Open Sport & Exerc Med 2020; 6(1): e000897.
19. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guideline for exercise testing and
prescription: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
20. Treat-Jacobson D, McDermott MM, Beckman JA, Burt MA, Creager MA, Ehrman JK, et al. Implementation of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic
peripheral artery disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 2019; 140(13): e700-e10.
21. Gommans LN, Fokkenrood HJ, van Dalen HC, Scheltinga MR, Teijink JA, Peters RJ. Safety of supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2015; 61(2): 512-8. e2.
and national prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2015: an updated
systematic review and analysis. The Lancet Glob Health. 2019; 7(8); e1020-e30.
2. Askew CD, Parmenter B, Leicht AS, Walker PJ, Golledge J. Exercise & Sports Science
Australia (ESSA) position statement on exercise prescription for patients with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17(6): 623-9.
3. Hamburg NM, Creager MA. Pathophysiology of intermittent claudication in peripheral artery disease. Circ J 2017: CJ-16-1286.
4. Abola MTB, Golledge J, Miyata T, Rha S-W, Yan BP, Dy TC, et al. Asia-Pacific Consensus Statement on the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report from the Asian Pacific Society
of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Disease Asia-Pacific Peripheral Artery Disease Consensus Statement Project Committee. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020: 53660.
5. Andrews KL, Wolf LL. Vascular disease. In: Cifu DX, editor. Braddom’s physical medicine and rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2016. p. 543-6.
6. Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, Barshes NR, Corriere MA, Drachman DE, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69(11): 1465-508.
7. American Heart Association. About Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). 2016
8. Shu J, Santulli G. Update on peripheral artery disease: Epidemiology and evidence-based facts. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275: 379-81.
9. Hardman RL, Jazaeri O, Yi J, Smith M, Gupta R, editors. Overview of classification systems in peripheral artery disease. Seminars in interventional radiology; 2014: Thieme Med. Publishers.
10. Hiatt WR, Armstrong EJ, Larson CJ, Brass EP. Pathogenesis of the limb manifestations
and exercise limitations in peripheral artery disease. Circ Res 2015; 116(9): 1527-39.
11. Hamburg NM, Balady GJ. Exercise rehabilitation in peripheral artery disease: functional impact and mechanisms of benefits. Circulation 2011; 123(1): 87-97.
12. Gardner AW, Parker DE, Montgomery PS, Scott KJ, Blevins SM. Efficacy of quantified home-based exercise and supervised exercise in patients with intermittent claudication: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2011; 123(5): 491-8.
13. Ambrosetti M. Advances in exercise rehabilitation for patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2016; 86(1-2): 752.
14. Treat-Jacobson D, McDermott MM, Bronas UG, Campia U, Collins TC, Criqui MH, et al. Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American
Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139(4): e10-e33.
15. Parmenter BJ, Mavros Y, Dias RR, King S, Singh MF. Resistance training as a treatment for older persons with peripheral artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54(8): 452-61.
16. Hiatt WR, Rogers RK, Brass EP. The treadmill is a better functional test than the 6-minute walk test in therapeutic trials of patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation 2014; 130(1): 69-78.
17. Iso Y, Suzuki H. Exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in peripheral artery disease. E -Journal Cardiol Pract 2015; 13.
18. Harwood AE, Pymer S, Ingle L, Doherty P, Chetter IC, Parmenter B, et al. Exercise
training for intermittent claudication: a narrative review and summary of guidelines for practitioners. BMJ Open Sport & Exerc Med 2020; 6(1): e000897.
19. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guideline for exercise testing and
prescription: Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
20. Treat-Jacobson D, McDermott MM, Beckman JA, Burt MA, Creager MA, Ehrman JK, et al. Implementation of supervised exercise therapy for patients with symptomatic
peripheral artery disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association.
Circulation 2019; 140(13): e700-e10.
21. Gommans LN, Fokkenrood HJ, van Dalen HC, Scheltinga MR, Teijink JA, Peters RJ. Safety of supervised exercise therapy in patients with intermittent claudication. J Vasc Surg 2015; 61(2): 512-8. e2.