A Speech Delay in Children: Effects of Parents' Education Level and Risk Factors
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Published:
Dec 30, 2024
Keywords:
Key words : Speech delay, parental education level, risk factors.
Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction : Speech delay is defined as when a child is difficult to understand compared to his or her age, or characterized by a pattern of speech error sounds that are inappropriate for children his age. Children with speech delays have a higher risk of experiencing social, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems in adulthood. Previous research has shown that between 2.3% and 19% of children aged 2-7 years are estimated to have speech delays. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect between parents' education level on speech delay in children and to analyze risk factors that may affect speech delay in children.
Methods : The design of this study was cross sectional with a total of 95 children aged 2-7 years who came to the Medical Rehabilitation Installation, 51 children with speech delays and 44 children did not experience speech delays as controls.
Results : The results of this study found that there was no statistical relationship between parents' education level and speech delays in children, both the father's education level p = 0.151 and the mother's education level p = 0.660. There was a statistically significant association between history of asphyxia (p = 0.023), comorbid presence (p = < 0.001), noise exposure (p = 0.047) and lack of stimulation (p = <0.001) on speech delay in children.
Conclusion: is that there is no relationship between parents' education level and speech delays in children, influential medical factors are a history of asphyxia and the presence of comorbidities, while non-medical environmental factors that influence are noise exposure in the living environment and lack of stimulation in children.
Introduction : Speech delay is defined as when a child is difficult to understand compared to his or her age, or characterized by a pattern of speech error sounds that are inappropriate for children his age. Children with speech delays have a higher risk of experiencing social, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems in adulthood. Previous research has shown that between 2.3% and 19% of children aged 2-7 years are estimated to have speech delays. The purpose of this study was to look at the effect between parents' education level on speech delay in children and to analyze risk factors that may affect speech delay in children.
Methods : The design of this study was cross sectional with a total of 95 children aged 2-7 years who came to the Medical Rehabilitation Installation, 51 children with speech delays and 44 children did not experience speech delays as controls.
Results : The results of this study found that there was no statistical relationship between parents' education level and speech delays in children, both the father's education level p = 0.151 and the mother's education level p = 0.660. There was a statistically significant association between history of asphyxia (p = 0.023), comorbid presence (p = < 0.001), noise exposure (p = 0.047) and lack of stimulation (p = <0.001) on speech delay in children.
Conclusion: is that there is no relationship between parents' education level and speech delays in children, influential medical factors are a history of asphyxia and the presence of comorbidities, while non-medical environmental factors that influence are noise exposure in the living environment and lack of stimulation in children.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rosdiana, I. R., kesoema, T. ajoe, Henny Rio, & Dinar Widanarti. (2024). A Speech Delay in Children: Effects of Parents’ Education Level and Risk Factors. Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 13(2), 88 - 99. https://doi.org/10.36803/indojpmr.v13i2.411
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Original Article
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References
REFERENCES
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3. McLaughlin MR. Speech and language delay in children. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(10):1183–8.
4. Zabin Saleh Al‐Dulaimy W, Khaleel Al-Ani R, Jasim Al‐Dulaimy HA. Delayed Speech among Children from Two to Five Years Old in Ramadi City, West of Iraq 1. ACE J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021;1(June):1–6. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351637544
5. Kumar A, Zubair M, Gulraiz A, Kalla S, Khan S, Patel S, et al. An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2022;14(9).
6. Mutumburanzou P. The Role of Parents in the Language Development of Children with Hearing Impairment. Int J Acad Res Progress Educ Dev. 2018;7(1).
7. Kapengut D, Noble KG. Parental language and learning directed to the young child. Futur Child. 2020;30(2):71–92.
8. Alias A, Ramly U. Parental Involvement in Speech Activities of Speech Delayed Child at Home. Proc 2nd Int Conf Technol Educ Sci (ICTES 2020). 2021;540(Ictes 2020):217–22.
9. Volodina A, Weinert S, Washbrook E, Waldfogel J, Kwon SJ, Wang Y, et al. Explaining gaps by parental education in children’s early language and social outcomes at age 3–4 years: evidence from harmonised data from three countries. Curr Psychol [Internet]. 2023;42(30):26398–417. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03754-z
10. Fouzia Hoque, Shaheen Akhter, Muzharul Mannan. Risk factors identification of speech and language delay in children in a tertiary level hospital: A pilot study. World J Adv Res Rev. 2021;11(1):103–12.
11. Zhao B, Liu Y, Liu J, Liu Y. Early Family Intervention in Children with Language Delay: The Effect of Language Level and Communication Ability. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2022;2022.
12. Fitriyani F, Sumantri MS, Supena A. Language development and social emotions in children with speech delay: case study of 9 year olds in elementary school. J Konseling dan Pendidik. 2019;7(1):23–9.
13. Nida Sha , Rehana Mushtaq FB. Pakistan biomedical journal. 2021;(c):37–40.
14. Hoff E, Trecca F, Højen A, Laursen B, Bleses D. Context and education affect the quality of parents’ speech to children. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2024;91(May 2023).
15. Alghamdi HM, Altirkistani BA, Baatya RA, Marghalani YO, Alshaikh NM. Bridging the Gap: Parents’ Knowledge of Childhood Developmental Milestones and the Early Identification of Children With Developmental Delay. Cureus. 2023;15(11):4–11.
16. Acharya A, Swain B, Pradhan S, Jena PK, Mohakud NK, Swain A, et al. Clinico-Biochemical Correlation in Birth Asphyxia and Its Effects on Outcome. Cureus. 2020;12(11).
17. Tangviriyapaiboon D, Thaineua V, Sirithongthaworn S, Kanshana S, Damrongtamwattana S, Prasitwattanaseree S, et al. Factors Associated with Suspected Developmental Delay in Thai Children Born with Low Birth Weight or Asphyxia. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2023;28(4):631–40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03814-1
18. Boskabadi H, Maamouri G, Zakerihamidi M, Bagheri F, Mashkani B, Mafinejad S, et al. Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker in perinatal asphyxia. Iran J Child Neurol. 2021;15(3):119–30.
19. Ji Y, Xu M, Liu X, Dai Y, Zhou L, Li F, et al. Temporopolar volumes are associated with the severity of social impairment and language development in children with autism spectrum disorder with developmental delay. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13(December):1–10.
20. Nitin R, Shaw DM, Rocha DB, Walters CE, Chabris CF, Camarata SM, et al. Association of Developmental Language Disorder with Comorbid Developmental Conditions Using Algorithmic Phenotyping. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):E2248060.
21. Lanjekar PD, Joshi SH, Lanjekar PD, Wagh V. The Effect of Parenting and the Parent-Child Relationship on a Child’s Cognitive Development: A Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14(10).
22. Aldayel AS, Aldayel AA, Almutairi AM, Alhussain HA, Alwehaibi SA, Almutairi TA. Parental Knowledge of Children’s Developmental Milestones in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Pediatr (United Kingdom). 2020;2020.
23. Simon KR, Merz EC, He X, Noble KG. Environmental Noise, Brain Structure, and Language Development in Children. 2023;1–23.
24. Alamri MM, Alrehaili MA, Albariqi W, Alshehri MS, Alotaibi KB, Algethami AM. Relationship Between Speech Delay and Smart Media in Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(9).
.
1. Badawieh M. The factors that impact the Speech delay in the first three years of a child ’ s life. J Lang Linguist Stud [Internet]. 2016;19(1):13–5. Available from: http://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/view/5203%0Ahttps://www.jlls.org/index.php/jlls/article/download/5203/1847
2. Chowdhury S, Chakraborty P pratim. Universal health coverage ‑ There is more to it than meets the eye. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2017;6(2):169–70. Available from: http://www.jfmpc.com/article.asp?issn=2249-4863;year=2017;volume=6;issue=1;spage=169;epage=170;aulast=Faizi
3. McLaughlin MR. Speech and language delay in children. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(10):1183–8.
4. Zabin Saleh Al‐Dulaimy W, Khaleel Al-Ani R, Jasim Al‐Dulaimy HA. Delayed Speech among Children from Two to Five Years Old in Ramadi City, West of Iraq 1. ACE J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021;1(June):1–6. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351637544
5. Kumar A, Zubair M, Gulraiz A, Kalla S, Khan S, Patel S, et al. An Assessment of Risk Factors of Delayed Speech and Language in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2022;14(9).
6. Mutumburanzou P. The Role of Parents in the Language Development of Children with Hearing Impairment. Int J Acad Res Progress Educ Dev. 2018;7(1).
7. Kapengut D, Noble KG. Parental language and learning directed to the young child. Futur Child. 2020;30(2):71–92.
8. Alias A, Ramly U. Parental Involvement in Speech Activities of Speech Delayed Child at Home. Proc 2nd Int Conf Technol Educ Sci (ICTES 2020). 2021;540(Ictes 2020):217–22.
9. Volodina A, Weinert S, Washbrook E, Waldfogel J, Kwon SJ, Wang Y, et al. Explaining gaps by parental education in children’s early language and social outcomes at age 3–4 years: evidence from harmonised data from three countries. Curr Psychol [Internet]. 2023;42(30):26398–417. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03754-z
10. Fouzia Hoque, Shaheen Akhter, Muzharul Mannan. Risk factors identification of speech and language delay in children in a tertiary level hospital: A pilot study. World J Adv Res Rev. 2021;11(1):103–12.
11. Zhao B, Liu Y, Liu J, Liu Y. Early Family Intervention in Children with Language Delay: The Effect of Language Level and Communication Ability. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2022;2022.
12. Fitriyani F, Sumantri MS, Supena A. Language development and social emotions in children with speech delay: case study of 9 year olds in elementary school. J Konseling dan Pendidik. 2019;7(1):23–9.
13. Nida Sha , Rehana Mushtaq FB. Pakistan biomedical journal. 2021;(c):37–40.
14. Hoff E, Trecca F, Højen A, Laursen B, Bleses D. Context and education affect the quality of parents’ speech to children. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2024;91(May 2023).
15. Alghamdi HM, Altirkistani BA, Baatya RA, Marghalani YO, Alshaikh NM. Bridging the Gap: Parents’ Knowledge of Childhood Developmental Milestones and the Early Identification of Children With Developmental Delay. Cureus. 2023;15(11):4–11.
16. Acharya A, Swain B, Pradhan S, Jena PK, Mohakud NK, Swain A, et al. Clinico-Biochemical Correlation in Birth Asphyxia and Its Effects on Outcome. Cureus. 2020;12(11).
17. Tangviriyapaiboon D, Thaineua V, Sirithongthaworn S, Kanshana S, Damrongtamwattana S, Prasitwattanaseree S, et al. Factors Associated with Suspected Developmental Delay in Thai Children Born with Low Birth Weight or Asphyxia. Matern Child Health J [Internet]. 2023;28(4):631–40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03814-1
18. Boskabadi H, Maamouri G, Zakerihamidi M, Bagheri F, Mashkani B, Mafinejad S, et al. Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker in perinatal asphyxia. Iran J Child Neurol. 2021;15(3):119–30.
19. Ji Y, Xu M, Liu X, Dai Y, Zhou L, Li F, et al. Temporopolar volumes are associated with the severity of social impairment and language development in children with autism spectrum disorder with developmental delay. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13(December):1–10.
20. Nitin R, Shaw DM, Rocha DB, Walters CE, Chabris CF, Camarata SM, et al. Association of Developmental Language Disorder with Comorbid Developmental Conditions Using Algorithmic Phenotyping. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(12):E2248060.
21. Lanjekar PD, Joshi SH, Lanjekar PD, Wagh V. The Effect of Parenting and the Parent-Child Relationship on a Child’s Cognitive Development: A Literature Review. Cureus. 2022;14(10).
22. Aldayel AS, Aldayel AA, Almutairi AM, Alhussain HA, Alwehaibi SA, Almutairi TA. Parental Knowledge of Children’s Developmental Milestones in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Pediatr (United Kingdom). 2020;2020.
23. Simon KR, Merz EC, He X, Noble KG. Environmental Noise, Brain Structure, and Language Development in Children. 2023;1–23.
24. Alamri MM, Alrehaili MA, Albariqi W, Alshehri MS, Alotaibi KB, Algethami AM. Relationship Between Speech Delay and Smart Media in Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023;15(9).
.