Functional Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Rehabilitative Program: A Literature Review Using GOSE and HRQoL Measures
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Published:
Jul 26, 2026
Keywords:
functional outcome, quality of life, rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury.
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in long-term physical and neurobehavioral impairments leads to functional disabilities and remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Rehabilitation is the key intervention in improving functional outcomes and quality of life. Objectives:Disparities in rehabilitation access, underrepresentation of cognitive and psychological outcomes, and inconsistent use of functional assessment tools persist. Aim:To synthesize recent evidence regarding short and long-term impact of various method of rehabilitation in functional outcome and quality of life in patients with TBI, also identify gaps in rehabilitation service and differences in the special population. Methods:This literature review integrates evidence from ten peer-reviewed publications between 2019 and 2024, selected through targeted searches from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords including “traumatic brain injury,” “rehabilitation,” “functional outcome,” “GOSE,” and “neurorehabilitation.”. Results:Rehabilitation for TBI patients is proven to enhance functional outcome and quality of life across age groups and injury levels. Improvements are not restricted to the early phases, but can continue over several months or years, particularly with structured and multidisciplinary care. Pediatric, older adult patient and complicated TBI require tailored rehabilitation strategies considering cognitive development and comorbidities. Conclusions:Rehabilitation for TBI should be initiated early and continued after acute stage. Tailored personalized program integrating physical, cognitive and psychological therapy are needed.
Keywords: functional outcome, quality of life, rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury.
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in long-term physical and neurobehavioral impairments leads to functional disabilities and remains a major public health challenge worldwide. Rehabilitation is the key intervention in improving functional outcomes and quality of life. Objectives:Disparities in rehabilitation access, underrepresentation of cognitive and psychological outcomes, and inconsistent use of functional assessment tools persist. Aim:To synthesize recent evidence regarding short and long-term impact of various method of rehabilitation in functional outcome and quality of life in patients with TBI, also identify gaps in rehabilitation service and differences in the special population. Methods:This literature review integrates evidence from ten peer-reviewed publications between 2019 and 2024, selected through targeted searches from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords including “traumatic brain injury,” “rehabilitation,” “functional outcome,” “GOSE,” and “neurorehabilitation.”. Results:Rehabilitation for TBI patients is proven to enhance functional outcome and quality of life across age groups and injury levels. Improvements are not restricted to the early phases, but can continue over several months or years, particularly with structured and multidisciplinary care. Pediatric, older adult patient and complicated TBI require tailored rehabilitation strategies considering cognitive development and comorbidities. Conclusions:Rehabilitation for TBI should be initiated early and continued after acute stage. Tailored personalized program integrating physical, cognitive and psychological therapy are needed.
Keywords: functional outcome, quality of life, rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury.
Article Details
How to Cite
Gabriella, N., Adrianto, I., & Kevin Pranata. (2026). Functional Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients with Rehabilitative Program: A Literature Review Using GOSE and HRQoL Measures. Indonesian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 15(01), 43 - 50. https://doi.org/10.36803/indojpmr.v15i01.510
Section
Literature Review
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References
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2. Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Langlois JA, Selassie AW. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23(6):394–400.
3. Thurman DJ, Alverson C, Dunn KA, Guerrero J, Sniezek JE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Dec;14(6):602–15.
4. Rauen K, Reichelt L, Probst P, Schäpers B, Müller F, Jahn K, et al. Quality of life up to 10 years after traumatic brain injury: A cross-sectional analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):1–12.
5. Oberholzer M, Müri RM. Neurorehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Clinical Review. Med Sci (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;7(3).
6. Turner-Stokes L, Pick A, Nair A, Disler PB, Wade DT. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec;2015(12):CD004170.
7. Andelic N, Ye J, Tornas S, Roe C, Lu J, Bautz-Holter E, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an early-initiated, continuous chain of rehabilitation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Jul;31(14):1313–20.
8. Jourdan C, Bayen E, Darnoux E, Ghout I, Azerad S, Ruet A, et al. Patterns of post-acute health care utilization after a severe traumatic brain injury: Results from the PariS-TBI cohort. Brain Inj. 2015;29(6):701–8.
9. Wilson L, Boase K, Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Giacino JT, Markowitz AJ, et al. A Manual for the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Interview. J Neurotrauma. 2021 Sep;38(17):2435–46.
10. Krenz U, Greving S, Zeldovich M, Haagsma J, Polinder S, von Steinbüchel N, et al. Reference Values of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) from a General Population Sample in Italy. J Clin Med. 2023 Jan;12(2).
11. Gao S, Treble-Barna A, Fabio A, Beers SR, Kelly MK, Rosario BL, et al. Effects of inpatient rehabilitation after acute care on motor, neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(22):5270–9.
12. Marklund N, Bellander BM, Godbolt AK, Levin H, McCrory P, Thelin EP. Treatments and rehabilitation in the acute and chronic state of traumatic brain injury. J Intern Med. 2019;285(6):608–23.
13. Akira M, Yuichi T, Tomotaka U, Takaaki K, Kenichi M, Chimi M. The Outcome of Neurorehabilitation Efficacy and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16(June).
14. Howe EI, Zeldovich M, Andelic N, von Steinbuechel N, Fure SCR, Borgen IMH, et al. Rehabilitation and outcomes after complicated vs uncomplicated mild TBI: results from the CENTER-TBI study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):1–16.
15. Tyler CM, Dini ME, Perrin PB. Group-Based Patterns of Life Satisfaction and Functional Independence over the 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: A Model Systems Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(9):5643.
16. Pantelatos RI, Stenberg J, Follestad T, Sandrød O, Einarsen CE, Vik A, et al. Improvement in Functional Outcome from 6 to 12 Months After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Is Frequent, But May Not Be Detected With the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. Neurotrauma Reports. 2024;5(1):139–49.
17. Buh FC, Hutchinson PJA, Anwar F. Early neuro-rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: the need for an African perspective. BMC Med [Internet]. 2023;21(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03009-z
18. Arango-Lasprilla JC, Watson JD, Ertl MM, Morel Valdes GM, Lequerica AH, Perrin PB.
2. Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Langlois JA, Selassie AW. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23(6):394–400.
3. Thurman DJ, Alverson C, Dunn KA, Guerrero J, Sniezek JE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: A public health perspective. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999 Dec;14(6):602–15.
4. Rauen K, Reichelt L, Probst P, Schäpers B, Müller F, Jahn K, et al. Quality of life up to 10 years after traumatic brain injury: A cross-sectional analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):1–12.
5. Oberholzer M, Müri RM. Neurorehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Clinical Review. Med Sci (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;7(3).
6. Turner-Stokes L, Pick A, Nair A, Disler PB, Wade DT. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. Cochrane database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec;2015(12):CD004170.
7. Andelic N, Ye J, Tornas S, Roe C, Lu J, Bautz-Holter E, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an early-initiated, continuous chain of rehabilitation after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Jul;31(14):1313–20.
8. Jourdan C, Bayen E, Darnoux E, Ghout I, Azerad S, Ruet A, et al. Patterns of post-acute health care utilization after a severe traumatic brain injury: Results from the PariS-TBI cohort. Brain Inj. 2015;29(6):701–8.
9. Wilson L, Boase K, Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Giacino JT, Markowitz AJ, et al. A Manual for the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Interview. J Neurotrauma. 2021 Sep;38(17):2435–46.
10. Krenz U, Greving S, Zeldovich M, Haagsma J, Polinder S, von Steinbüchel N, et al. Reference Values of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury (QOLIBRI) from a General Population Sample in Italy. J Clin Med. 2023 Jan;12(2).
11. Gao S, Treble-Barna A, Fabio A, Beers SR, Kelly MK, Rosario BL, et al. Effects of inpatient rehabilitation after acute care on motor, neuropsychological and behavioral outcomes in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2024;46(22):5270–9.
12. Marklund N, Bellander BM, Godbolt AK, Levin H, McCrory P, Thelin EP. Treatments and rehabilitation in the acute and chronic state of traumatic brain injury. J Intern Med. 2019;285(6):608–23.
13. Akira M, Yuichi T, Tomotaka U, Takaaki K, Kenichi M, Chimi M. The Outcome of Neurorehabilitation Efficacy and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci. 2022;16(June).
14. Howe EI, Zeldovich M, Andelic N, von Steinbuechel N, Fure SCR, Borgen IMH, et al. Rehabilitation and outcomes after complicated vs uncomplicated mild TBI: results from the CENTER-TBI study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):1–16.
15. Tyler CM, Dini ME, Perrin PB. Group-Based Patterns of Life Satisfaction and Functional Independence over the 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Adults: A Model Systems Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(9):5643.
16. Pantelatos RI, Stenberg J, Follestad T, Sandrød O, Einarsen CE, Vik A, et al. Improvement in Functional Outcome from 6 to 12 Months After Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Is Frequent, But May Not Be Detected With the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended. Neurotrauma Reports. 2024;5(1):139–49.
17. Buh FC, Hutchinson PJA, Anwar F. Early neuro-rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: the need for an African perspective. BMC Med [Internet]. 2023;21(1):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03009-z
18. Arango-Lasprilla JC, Watson JD, Ertl MM, Morel Valdes GM, Lequerica AH, Perrin PB.